Abstract
Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is a group of disorders resulting from obstruction to hepatic venous outflow; myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) accounts for 10-40% of cases. We previously described latent MPD in 58.5% of patients with idiopathic BCS, detected with allele-specific PCR for the JAK2V617F mutation and proposed its use as a screening tool for occult MPD. A predisposing germline JAK2 haplotype (designated 46/1) has since been described as a strong genetic risk factor for MPD and may further characterise latent MPD in BCS. We studied 28 patients with BCS (23 from our original cohort; female n=16, mean age 30.3 years, SD 10) presenting between 1985 and 2008; 14 with the JAK2V617F mutation. Genomic DNA was obtained from archived bone marrow films, fractionated and unfractionated peripheral blood or bone marrow leucocytes. Skin biopsy or CD3+ cells were used as a source of constitutional DNA. DNA was analysed by pyrosequencing for 2 SNPs (rs12340895, rs12343867) which tag the 46/1 JAK2 haplotype. The 46/1 haplotype was detected in 16/28 (57.1%) subjects; 50% of those with the JAK2V617F mutation and 64.3% of those without it. The prevalence in those lacking the JAK2V617F mutation is significantly higher than the frequency in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium cohort of 24% (P=0.0023). 3/28 subjects had previously diagnosed JAK2V617F positive Polycythemia Vera (PV) and all had the 46/1 haplotype, resulting in a prevalence of 36.4% in those with JAK2V617F positive latent MPD. Age at presentation of BCS was significantly lower in those with the 46/1 haplotype (26.4 years compared to 34.8 years, P=0.03). This difference remained significant in those lacking the JAK2V617F mutation (24.0 years compared to 37.6 years, P=0.024) but was not seen in those with the JAK2V617F mutation (P=0.547). There was no difference in presenting clinical features, haematological parameters or treatment between those with and without the 46/1 haplotype. Overall survival in 26/28 patients was 76.9% (median 90 months, range 2 days to 266 months). 17/28 subjects underwent OLT of which 14/17 (11/12 with 46/1 haplotype) are alive at a median of 90 months post transplant (range 9-266 months). 3/17 patients developed post-OLT veno-occlusive disease, all with the JAK2V617F mutation and 2/3 with the 46/1 haplotype. Overt MPD has not developed in any patient without the JAK2V617F mutation; repeat JAK2 mutational analysis was undertaken in 3/14 (2/3 with 46/1 haplotype) and none have acquired the mutation at a mean of 54 months. 19/28 cases were genotyped using SNP markers (Affymetrix SNP6); 3/19 have acquired uniparental disomy (aUPD) on 9p overlapping the JAK2 gene. As TET2 has been postulated as a ‘pre-JAK2' aberration, we sequenced the complete TET2 gene using massively parallel high throughput sequencing (Roche 454); 2/15 patients samples were positive for TET2 mutations. One of our cases had a familial history of PV; the patient, his father and uncle all have JAK2V617F positive PV and were heterozygous for the 46/1 haplotype in DNA extracted from a skin biopsy. 2/3 were homozygous for both the 46/1 haplotype and JAK2V617F mutation in bone marrow granulocytes with SNP6 array data confirming aUPD on 9p. JAK2V617F was detected in cultured in vitro colonies from all 3 family members. All 3 affected family members had normal cytogenetics and normal TET2 gene. 3 unaffected siblings were heterozygous for the 46/1 haplotype both in peripheral blood, CD3+ cells and granulocytes but negative for JAK2V617F mutation and lacked aUPD on 9p. We have found a highly significant prevalence of the 46/1 haplotype in our cohort of BCS, as well as in family members of a patient with JAK2V617F positive BCS and PV. The 46/1 haplotype was detected in patients with idiopathic BCS with and without the JAK2V617F mutation, suggesting a predisposition to idiopathic BCS independent of JAK2V617F mutation acquisition and latent MPD. The prevalence and lower age of presentation in those with the 46/1 haplotype lacking the JAK2V617F mutation supports an alternate, as yet unknown, mechanism predisposing to BCS. The presence of the 46/1 haplotype in unaffected relatives of our JAK2V617F BCS patient suggests that additional germline variation may predispose to or protect from acquisition of JAK2V617F positive disease. Alternatively the 46/1 haplotype may directly confer a cellular growth advantage via increased responsiveness of JAK2 to cytokine stimulation.
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
This icon denotes an abstract that is clinically relevant.
Author notes
Asterisk with author names denotes non-ASH members.
This feature is available to Subscribers Only
Sign In or Create an Account Close Modal