Overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase enhances endothelial proliferation by suppressing endostatin expression

Endostatin, a 20-kd carboxyl-terminal fragment of type XVIII collagen, inhibits endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth.1-3 Endostatin induces endothelial cell apoptosis.4 Type XVIII collagen consists of an amino-terminal region, collagenlike domains, and a 35-kd carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous (NC1) domain. The NC1 domain,5 consisting of 3 major segments, a 5-kd N-terminal association domain, a central proteinase-sensitive hinge region, and the compact 20-kd C-terminal endostatin domain, inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–induced endothelial cell migration.6 The transcripts of type XVIII collagen are reported to be 4.5 kb and 5.5 kb in multiple organs by Northern blot analysis with probe for NC1 domain containing endostatin.7Therefore, it is considered that NC1 domain and endostatin are processed from type XVIII collagen by proteolytic cleavage. Several proteinases that cleave type XVIII collagen are also reported.8-10 

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes the biosynthesis of polyamines, and ODC activities are associated with cell transformation, tumor invasion, and angiogenesis.11-14 An ODC inhibitor, DL-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), inhibits B16 melanoma angiogenesis.15 16 

We hypothesized that ODC overexpression may facilitate angiogenesis by suppressing endostatin expression.

Thirty-three paired specimens of cancerous and noncancerous tissues adjacent to the cancer tissue and 38 cancerous tissues of breast were obtained (Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo). Written informed consents were obtained from all patients before surgery.

Full-length human ODC cDNA (1.8 kb) was cloned into pTargeT expression vector (Promega, Tokyo, Japan).

COS-1 and calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells (Health Science Research Resource Bank, Osaka, Japan) were maintained in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. COS cells transfected with the plasmid carrying ODC cDNA were selected in the presence of G418 for 2 weeks. The surviving cells were pooled and established as ODC-overexpressing cells (ODC transfectants). We also established mock transfectants.

ODC activity was determined as described previously.12 

Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed by using the following primers: glyceraldehyde phophate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (5′-ACGCATTTGGTCGTATTGGG-3′ and 5′-TGATTTTGGAGGGATCTC-GC-3′), ODC (5′-GTATGCTGCTAATGGAG-3′ and 5′-TTACGCCGGTGATCTCTT-CA-3′), VEGF (5′-CATCCCTGTGGGCCTTGCTC-3′ and 5′-GCTCACCGCCTCGG-CTTGTC-3′), and type XVIII collagen (5′-ACGCATCTTCTCCTTTGACG-3′ and 5′-TGGCTACTTGGAGGCAGTCA-3′). Band intensities for the ODC, VEGF, and type XVIII collagen PCR products were quantitated by using National Institutes of Health image software and normalized to the intensity of the GAPDH signal.

Western blotting was performed by using cell and tissue lysates. Basic fibroblast growth factor was observed by using a specific antibody (Transduction Lab, Lexington, KY). Endostatin was detected by using an antibody generated against the sequence IFSDGKDVLRHPTWPQKSV from human endostatin. Bands were visualized by using the enhanced chemiluminescence system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Tokyo, Japan) or an Amplified AP immune kit (Bio-Rad, Tokyo, Japan).

Concentrations of endostatin were determined by using an Accucyte human endostatin enzyme immunoassay kit (Cytoimmune Sciences, College Park, MD), using 100 μL conditioned media.

CPAE cells plated on 96-well plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium. After the addition of 50 μL conditioned media, the cells were further incubated for 18 hours. Cell number was then counted by using a cell counting kit-8 (Wako, Osaka, Japan), according to the manufacturer's instruction.

Male Balb/c slc/nu mice (4- to 5-weeks old) were obtained from SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). Cells (ODC transfectants and mock transfectants; 1 × 10⁷), suspended in 100 μL phosphate-buffered saline after mixing with 100 μL matrigel (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) were inoculated subcutaneously on the backs of mice. Transplanted cells formed a tumor. The tumors were removed after 25 days, fixed with formalin, and embedded in paraffin. The tumor weight was approximately 200 mg. Sections were stained by using the hematoxylin-eosin method.

For enumerating endothelial cells, tumor sections derived from ODC transfectants and mock transfectants were stained with anti–von Willebrand factor (VWF) antibody. The tumor sections were primed with goat polyclonal anti-VWF antibody (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) for 1 hour at 25°C. Then, the sections were washed 3 times with phosphate-buffered saline and incubated with horseradish peroxidase–conjugated antigoat immunoglobulin G for 1 hour at 25°C. After washing 3 times with phosphate-buffered saline, they were stained with diaminobenzidine. As a negative control, only the second antibody was used and stained with diaminobenzidine. No specific immunoreactivity was detected in negative-control sections. The number of stained endothelial cells (vessels) in 10 fields was counted and quantitated.

Results were expressed as mean ± SD from 3 independent experiments. The significance of the differences was determined by using analysis of variance Fisher PSLD test or the Studentt test.

We analyzed the relationship between ODC expression levels and type XVIII collagen production in various tumor cells. In the ODC-overexpressing cell lines, A549 (human lung cancer cell) and MDA-MB-231(mammary cancer cell), the expression of type XVIII collagen, NC1, and endostatin were remarkably suppressed in comparison to normal cells, as determined by Western blotting (data not shown). We next analyzed the expression levels of ODC and type XVIII collagen at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in human breast cancer (n = 71) and the adjacent normal tissue (n = 33) by using RT-PCR. Fifteen (21.1%) of 71 cancer tissues overexpressed ODC mRNA (> normal mean + SD levels), in comparison to the adjacent tissue (Figure1A). Eleven (73.3%) of 15 ODC-overexpressing human breast cancers showed suppressed type XVIII collagen mRNA expression when compared with the adjacent normal tissue (Figure 1B).

We next examined the effect of ODC overexpression on endostatin expression and endothelial cell proliferation. We established transfectants overexpressing ODC and mock transfectants containing vector alone. ODC transfectants exhibited 6.1- ± 0.3-fold higher ODC mRNA expression, as compared with mock transfectants. The expression of type XVIII collagen in ODC transfectants at both the protein and mRNA levels was significantly suppressed, 40.2% ± 6.8% (P < .005; data not shown) and 47.9% ± 5.3% (P < .005; Figure 2A), respectively, compared with mock transfectants. DFMO (1 mM), an ODC inhibitor, rescued the suppression of type XVIII collagen mRNA to return to the expression levels to that of mock transfectants (Figure2A), demonstrating the specificity of the suppression. VEGF mRNA expression levels remained unchanged (Figure 2A). Basic fibroblast growth factor was undetectable in ODC and mock transfectants by using Western blotting (data not shown).

We next analyzed endostatin secretion by immunoblot analysis of concentrated conditioned media by using a specific antiendostatin antibody. The levels of type XVIII collagen (180 kd), NC1 (35 kd), and endostatin (20 kd) in ODC transfectants were significantly suppressed 46.5% ± 11.3% (P < .02), 62.5% ± 10.0% (P < .01), and 73.9% ± 12.2% (P < .01), respectively, compared with mock transfectants (Figure 2B). The concentration of immunoreactive endostatin analyzed by using endostatin enzyme immunoassay was significantly suppressed in ODC transfectants, in comparison to mock transfectants (P < .0008; Figure 2C). An 18-hour treatment with 1 mM DFMO restored endostatin concentrations to the levels seen in mock transfectants, indicating the specificity of ODC-mediated endostatin suppression (P < .0011). Conditioned media derived from ODC transfectants induced 1.6- ± 0.3-fold more CPAE cell proliferation than media derived from the mock transfectants (P < .05; Figure 2D). These data indicate that ODC overexpression facilitates endothelial cell proliferation by suppressing endostatin secretion.

We further examined whether ODC-overexpressing cells possessed similar properties in vivo. As ODC transfectants formed very small transplants in nude mice, and matrigel is reported to facilitate tumor growth,17 ODC transfectants were injected into nude mice with matrigel, according to the method as described.17 ODC transfectants (1 × 10⁷ cells) and mock transfectants (1 × 10⁷ cells) within a matrigel were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Both ODC transfectant and mock transfectant cells formed solid tumors. However, the ODC-overexpressing tumor in nude mice showed 6.5- ± 0.8-fold greater ODC mRNA expression than the mock transplants (Figure3A), and suppressed type XVIII collagen expression 50.8% ± 4.2% and 48.3% ± 6.4% at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively, compared with mock transplants (Figure3A,B). Histologic examination revealed that ODC-overexpressing transplantations exhibited neovascularization in the tumor tissue (Figure 3C). Neovascularization was confirmed by staining endothelial cells with the use of anti-VWF antibody (Figure 3C). The number of stained vessels was counted in 10 fields microscopically. ODC transplants showed significant increase in tumor neovascularization compared with mock transplants (2.1 ± 1.2 versus 0.8 ± 0.6/field,P = .0277). Because matrigel was used for in vivo experiment, mock transplants formed tumor unexpectedly. However, the data clearly have shown that not mock transfectants but ODC transfectants in vivo possessed similar properties to those observed in vitro and induced neovascularization. The data further support our idea. The data are not inconsistent with previous reports in which antitumor activity of DFMO is due to its inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis by inhibition of proliferation of endothelial cells, although endostatin was not analyzed.16 

In summary, these results support our novel hypothesis that ODC overexpression facilitates endothelial cell proliferation (angiogenesis) by suppressing type XVIII collagen and endostatin expression (Figure 4).