Unrelated marrow transplantation for adult patients with poor-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: strong graft-versus-leukemia effect and risk factors determining outcome

Long-term disease-free survival (DFS) for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has only moderately improved during the last 2 decades despite more intensive induction and postinduction therapy and better supportive care facilities.1-3 Several characteristics have emerged as high-risk factors in adult ALL, such as high white blood cell (WBC) counts, older age, late complete remission (CR), B-lineage immunophenotype, and chromosomal abnormalities.4-9 Recent multicenter studies confirmed that the outcome of patients with Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive t(9;22) ALL remains invariably poor with a DFS at 2 years of only 10% to 15%.5-12 The translocation t(9;22) occurs in approximately 25% of adult ALL and its incidence increases with age. Other translocations in B-lineage ALL such as t(4;11) and t(1;19) occur less frequently, but may also be associated with a poor prognosis.8,11 

Although up to 70% of patients may achieve CR after induction chemotherapy, long-term DFS has remained poor due to a high rate of relapse. Only allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) applied as consolidation therapy in first remission (CR1) was associated with higher DFS.13-19 Retrospectively collected data of HLA-identical sibling BMT in Ph⁺ ALL from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR)14 suggested that DFS after allogeneic BMT might improve to 38%, which findings were confirmed by the City of Hope group, which showed a DFS of approximately 50% at 2 years.13,15,16,19 However, HLA-identical sibling donors are available for only a limited number of patients. Alternatively, HLA-matched unrelated donors have been used with increasing frequency as allogeneic donors for patients with high-risk acute leukemia.20,21 Currently, only limited data are available showing results of unrelated BMT in poor-risk ALL. Here, we report results from 127 transplantations performed between 1988 and 1999 with grafts identified and procured by the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) for adult patients with poor-risk ALL. It is shown that outcome in patients in CR1 compares favorably to what can be observed with chemotherapy alone and matches current results with HLA-identical sibling donors.

The study population consisted of 127 adult patients with poor-risk ALL at 46 transplant centers worldwide, who received marrow transplants facilitated by the NMDP between 1988 and April 1999. Patients, donor, and graft characteristics are shown in Table1. Poor-risk ALL was defined by the presence of the translocation t(9;22), or t(4;11), or t(1;19). Ph⁺ ALL with t(9;22) represented the majority of patients studied (n = 97, 76%). Diagnosis was based on cytology, karyotype, and immunophenotyping of marrow cells at diagnosis. Patients had received induction and consolidation chemotherapy according to local protocols and proceeded to unrelated donor transplantation according to indications of the individual transplant center. Protocols were approved by local institutional review boards and all patients provided written or oral informed consent.

Characteristics are presented according to remission status at transplant, including 64 patients in CR1, 16 patients in subsequent remission, and 47 patients with primary induction failure (PIF) or relapsed ALL (Table 1). The median age was 32 years for the whole group of patients. Relatively more patients in CR2 or CR3 showed either t(4;11) or t(1;19) (P = .03) than patients in CR1. Higher Karnofsky scores were present among patients in CR1, whereas the majority of refractory patients had Karnofsky scores below 90 (P < .0001). Refractory patients had presented with higher WBC at diagnosis and higher percentage of marrow blasts at the time of BMT. Time from diagnosis to BMT did not differ significantly between patients in CR1 and refractory patients, but patients in CR2 and CR3 received their transplant significantly later (7 versus 19 months, P < .0001). Survival, DFS, relapse, and treatment-related mortality (TRM) were similar among patients with primary induction failure or relapsed ALL. Therefore, these patients were analyzed as one group of patients with refractory ALL.

Unrelated donor marrow was provided by 48 donor centers associated with the NMDP. Marrow cells were harvested according to the policies of the NMDP and transferred by courier to the transplant center. Donor selection was based on HLA serotyping performed for HLA-A and -B and a combination of serotyping and genotyping for HLA-DRB1 according to standard procedures. Donor and recipient pairs were considered matched when identical at HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 loci. Mismatches included at least one disparity at one of these loci. Graft manipulation was at the discretion of the transplant center. Thirty-three patients received a T-cell–depleted (TCD) graft. Methods of T-cell depletion included antibody and complement-mediated T-cell depletion (n = 9), elutriation (n = 8), immunomagnetic beads (n = 7), sheep red blood cell rosetting (n = 6), and other (n = 3). Patients receiving TCD marrow were infused with a median number of 0.7 × 10⁸ nucleated cells (NC)/kg body weight (recipient) (range, 0.1-3.6). Patients with non-TCD grafts received a median number of 2.8 × 10⁸ NC/kg (range, 0.2-8.1). Conditioning for BMT consisted of regimens based on total body irradiation (TBI) in 115 patients. Etoposide or cytarabin was added to the combination TBI and cyclophosphamide in 34 patients. Twelve patients received chemotherapy only. Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) was added for prevention of rejection in 15 patients. Supportive care measures were according to local protocols.

Standard NMDP forms were used for data collection, including pretransplant information, peritransplant events, and short-term and long-term follow-up. Short-term and long-term data were available for 125 patients. End points included engraftment, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), overall survival (OS), TRM, and relapse. These end points were estimated for 125 patients; 2 CR1 patients were excluded from these analyses because no data for these end points were available. However, baseline data and OS were reported for these 2 CR1 patients, so OS could be estimated for 127 patients and Table 1presents characteristics of 127 patients.

Engraftment was defined as the first of 3 consecutive days when the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) exceeded 0.5 × 0⁹/L. Primary graft failure was defined by a lack of neutrophil engraftment in patients surviving at least 28 days. Secondary graft failure was defined as neutrophil recovery followed by a decline in ANC to below 0.5 × 10⁹/L for 3 consecutive days. Acute and chronic GVHD were diagnosed and graded according to consensus criteria.22 Chronic GVHD was evaluated among patients who survived at least 100 days after transplantation. Definition of DFS, OS, TRM, and relapse were according to standard criteria.23 

Results of the study were analyzed as of December 1999. Patient characteristics in the cohorts presented were compared using either the Fisher exact test (for discrete variables) or Wilcoxon rank test (for continuous variables). Table 2 shows the variables that were examined in the univariate and multivariable analyses. In the univariate analysis, OS and DFS were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves. Acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, and relapse were calculated using cumulative incidence,24 with death treated as a competing risk. TRM was also calculated using cumulative incidence, with relapse treated as a competing risk. The multivariable analysis for each end point used the Cox proportional hazards model. A significance level of α = 0.05 was used for all analyses.

One hundred and eight patients survived beyond the first 28 days after transplantation. Of these 108 patients, 102 showed myeloid engraftment, which was sustained in 90 patients. Nineteen patients died during the first 28 days, of whom 11 patients had already engrafted. Incidences of primary and secondary graft failure were 6% ± 4% and 7% ± 6%, respectively. Transplantation in CR1 and a lower WBC at diagnosis were associated with a higher incidence of sustained engraftment following multivariable analysis.

Overall survival at 2 years from transplantation was 40% ± 13% for patients undergoing BMT in CR1 and 32% ± 16% at 4 years. When estimated as competing risk factors for OS, relapse mortality and TRM were 6% ± 7% and 54% ± 13%, respectively (Figure 1). Currently, 23 CR1 patients are alive and disease free with a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 3-97) and 13 CR1 patients have survived beyond 2 years after BMT. OS was 17% for patients in CR2/3 and 5% for patients with refractory ALL at 2 years after BMT. The competing factors relapse mortality and TRM were, respectively, 8% and 75% for CR 2/3 patients and 31% and 64% for refractory patients at 2 years after BMT. Of the 127 patients analyzed, 28 patients are currently alive with a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 3-97).

Overall survival and DFS were most favorably affected by remission status (Figure 2, Table3). Following multivariable Cox regression analysis, the translocation t(9;22) was also associated with better DFS, which variable showed no interaction with remission status. In addition, a shorter interval from diagnosis to BMT, matching for A, B, and DRB1, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegativity appeared as independent prognostic factors associated with better DFS. The question whether results had improved in recent years was addressed in univariate and multivariable analysis. DFS was 27% ± 10% for 77 patients undergoing BMT between 1996 and 1999 and DFS was 13% ± 9% for 48 patients having transplantation before 1996 (P = .07 by log-rank analysis). However, when forced into the model for multivariable analysis as a continuous variable, no improvement of DFS in recent years could be demonstrated.

The cumulative incidence of relapse was 19% ± 7% at 4 years after BMT and 13% ± 10% versus 30% ± 9% for CR1 and refractory patients, respectively (Figure3, P = .001). Twenty-one of a total of 23 relapses had occurred during the first year after BMT. Only one relapse occurred among the 17 patients who received BMT in CR1 and survived for at least 1 year, with a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 12-109). A higher relapse rate was observed in refractory ALL, which appeared as the most significant variable (hazard ratio: 9.29,P < .0001, Table 3, Figure 3) affecting relapse by multivariable analysis. In addition, fewer relapses occurred in patients with Ph⁺ ALL (hazard ratio: 0.33,P = .05), as compared to patients with t(4;11) or t(1;19), which effect appeared independent from remission status. Four patients, including 3 with t(9;22) ALL, with relapse were treated with donor leukocyte infusions (DLI), and 2 Ph⁺ patients achieved a complete response.

Cumulative incidence of TRM was 61% ± 9 at 2 years from transplantation and 54% ± 13% versus 64% ± 13% for CR1 and refractory patients, respectively (not significant, Figure4). The following prognostic factors were associated with less TRM: Karnofsky score 90 or above; HLA matching for A, B, and DRB1; CMV seronegativity; and a higher cell dose for patients receiving non-TCD grafts (Table 3). Age appeared not to be associated with TRM in this group of patients. A shorter interval from diagnosis to BMT predicted for less TRM, which proved independent from remission status. Although TCD was associated with less GVHD, no reduction of TRM could be observed in patients receiving a TCD graft. Again, year of transplant was evaluated for a possible association with TRM. However, no reduction of TRM could be demonstrated in recent years, when year of transplant was included as 2 categories (below or above the median) in univariate analysis, or as a continuous variable in multivariable analysis. Fifty-seven patients died due to TRM before day 100 after BMT and 25 (44%) of them had been diagnosed with grade III-IV acute GVHD. Seventeen patients died due to TRM after day 100 and 6 (35%) of the latter suffered from extensive chronic GVHD. Causes of death included opportunistic infections (n = 25), respiratory insufficiency due to lung toxicity/pneumonia without a demonstrated causative infectious etiology (n = 7), single organ toxicity (respiratory failure excluded; n = 24), GVHD (n = 14), hemorrhages (n = 15), and graft failure (n = 4).

Cumulative incidences of grade II-IV and grade III-IV acute GVHD were 50% ± 8% and 31% ± 8% at 100 days after BMT. Higher cumulative incidences at day 100 of grade II-IV of acute GVHD were observed in CMV-seropositive patients (60% ± 12%) versus CMV-seronegative patients (40% ± 12%), in patients receiving non-TCD grafts versus TCD-BMT (55% ± 10% and 33% ± 16%, respectively), and in patients receiving TBI-based conditioning versus those conditioned with chemotherapy (52% ± 9% and 25% ± 24%, respectively). In multivariable analysis, a positive CMV serostatus was significantly associated with an increased risk of grade III-IV acute GVHD (relative risk, 4.87; P < .0001). Fifty-six patients survived at least 100 days after BMT; the cumulative incidence of chronic extensive GVHD was 48% ± 13% at 2 years after BMT. Only a higher Karnofsky score favorably affected the incidence of chronic GVHD following multivariable analysis.

In this report, we demonstrate that transplantation of matched unrelated donor marrow results in favorable long-term DFS in adult patients with poor-risk ALL in CR1. DFS observed in patients with PIF or allografted in relapse or beyond CR1 was significantly less, which appeared to be due primarily to transplant-related complications.

Sixty-two patients transplanted in CR1 showed an OS of 40% ± 13% at 2 years after transplantation, which compares well to results obtained in poor-risk ALL following HLA-identical sibling BMT as reported by single centers and by the IBMTR.13-19 In our group of patients, relapse mortality and TRM accounted for loss of OS by 6% ± 7% and 54% ± 13%, respectively, when estimated as competing risk factors for OS. Only 7 patients developed a relapse and currently 23 CR1 patients are alive and free of disease with a median follow-up of 24 months. The observed incidence of relapse seems similar or possibly less compared to what has been observed following allogeneic sibling BMT in poor-risk ALL. In various studies, some of which also included younger patients, the relapse rate following sibling BMT varied between 9% and 34%.13-19 Only limited data are available with respect to relapse following unrelated BMT in poor-risk ALL. No relapses were observed in 7 CR1 patients (including 2 younger patients) reported by Sierra et al,25 and 3 of 9 younger patients were reported to have a relapse following a TCD unrelated donor BMT for CR1 Ph⁺ ALL.26Recently, Arico and coworkers reported data on 326 children with Ph⁺ ALL, including 21 who received an unrelated donor BMT, which was followed by a relapse in 4 of these 21 children.27 A possible enhanced graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect following unrelated BMT might be explained by the difference of HLA compatibility between HLA genotypically identical siblings versus unrelated donors, who are matched for A, B, and DRB1. Mismatches at HLA-C, -DQB1, and -DPB1 frequently occur and may also be associated with GVHD and GVL.28,29 As many as 50% of donor and recipient pairs apparently matched for HLA-A and -B, using serologic typing methods, have one or more incompatibilities at A, B, or C alleles by DNA sequencing.28 Mismatches for DQB1 and DPB1 occur in approximately 80% of A, B, C, and DRB1 allele matched pairs, predominantly because of DPB mismatch due to the poor linkage disequilibrium between DQ and DP loci.28,30-33 

Despite the low relapse rate observed, a more exact estimate of the GVL effect for comparison with sibling BMT cannot be given because a relatively high percentage of patients in this study died of TRM and, therefore, were not at risk for relapse. Nevertheless, our findings do indicate a strong GVL effect because relapse rates after autologous stem cell transplantation or intensive chemotherapy have been reported to exceed 50%.12,13,16-18,27,34 Furthermore, apart from the low relapse rate as such, the GVL effect is further supported by the complete responses following donor lymphocyte infusion observed by us and others as well.35,36 Patients with Ph⁺ALL seem to be particularly susceptible for GVL effect, because we found significantly fewer relapses in Ph⁺ ALL as compared to ALL patients with t(4;11) or t(1;19), which translated in better DFS (Table 3).

Survival in this study was mainly determined by TRM. Cumulative incidence of TRM was 61% ± 9% for all patients and did not differ significantly for refractory patients versus patients in remission at the time of BMT (Figure 4). TRM in adult patients clearly exceeds TRM in children following unrelated BMT or following sibling BMT. Recent studies have shown that innovations in supportive care, such as improved prophylaxis for fungal and viral infections, as well as improved molecular techniques and criteria for HLA matching have resulted in less TRM in recent years, both following unrelated BMT and sibling donor BMT.29,37-39 However, when we evaluated whether results in this group of patients improved during a 10-year period, no such effect could be demonstrated. It may be explained by a persistent and overruling effect of time from diagnosis to BMT as an important risk factor for TRM and DFS. The median time from diagnosis to BMT was 8 months and that interval strongly affected TRM (independent from remission status), but not relapse (Table 3). This increased risk for TRM may be explained by the length and intensity of the preceding chemotherapy, which may add to the risk for lethal complications after BMT. Considering the high incidence of lethal complications in patients with refractory ALL added to an already higher relapse risk, unrelated donor BMT should not be encouraged in patients with refractory ALL.

Opportunistic infections and respiratory insufficiency accounted for the majority of lethal complications. Because a minority of patients dying due to TRM suffered from severe acute or chronic GVHD, our findings suggest that an impaired immune recovery rather than GVHD put the patients at risk for severe infections. An impaired immune recovery is further supported by increased TRM in CMV-seropositive patients, whereas CMV-pneumonia as the cause of death was observed in only one patient. We recently reported that CMV may still affect TRM despite effective prevention of CMV disease. This effect seems selectively to occur in severe immunocompromised patients, such as elderly patients, or patients receiving TCD grafts.40 

How can the relatively high TRM be improved? The different prognostic variables associated with TRM clearly indicate that reduction of TRM may follow upon reduction in the interval between diagnosis and transplant and avoid cumulative toxicity of successive cytotoxic agents. The latter aim may very well be achieved by incorporating relatively less toxic and highly active new agents such as the novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI41 in induction therapy for patients with Ph⁺ ALL. In addition, donor searches should start early to be able to perform BMT shortly after achieving remission. Furthermore, as reported before, we observed less TRM in patients receiving larger stem cell grafts. Therefore, increasing the cell dose, which may enhance neutrophil and lymphocyte recovery,42 may further reduce the susceptibility for opportunistic infections in this category of patients.

In conclusion, despite a relatively high incidence of lethal opportunistic infections and pulmonary complications, survival following unrelated donor BMT in poor-risk ALL patients in CR1 is encouraging and compares favorably to results obtained following intensive chemotherapy or autologous transplantation (or both) due to an apparently strong GVL effect. Immediate donor search and careful timing of transplantation directly upon achieving remission as well as procuring larger stem cell grafts, from fully HLA-matched donors, may further improve the outcome of unrelated donor BMT in poor-risk ALL.

The authors thank the patients, donors, transplant and donor centers, and physicians, staff, and data managers who participate in the NMDP. Janine Vrij is acknowledged for secretarial assistance.