Further examination of the effects of recombinant cytokines on the proliferation of human megakaryocyte progenitor cells

The effect of several recombinant cytokines, including interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL- 6, and IL-1 alpha, on megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation by a normal human bone marrow subpopulation (CD34+ DR+), enriched for the MK colony- forming unit (CFU-MK), was studied using a serum-depleted, fibrin clot culture system. IL-3 and GM-CSF, but not IL-6 or IL-1 alpha, stimulated MK colony formation by CD34+ DR+ cells. However, the addition of IL-1 alpha to CD34+ DR+ cultures containing IL-6 resulted in the appearance of CFU-MK-derived colonies, suggesting that IL-6 requires the presence of IL-1 alpha to exhibit its MK colony-stimulating activity (MK-CSA). Addition of neutralizing antibodies to IL-3 and GM-CSF, but not to IL-6 and IL-1 alpha, specifically inhibited the MK-CSA of IL-3 and GM-CSF, respectively. The addition of either anti-IL-6, anti-IL-1 alpha, or anti-IL-3 antisera to cultures containing both IL-6 and IL-1 alpha totally abolished the MK-CSA of the IL-6/IL-1 alpha combination. However, neither anti-IL-3 nor anti-GM-CSF antisera could totally neutralize the additive effect of the combination of IL-3 and GM-CSF on MK colony formation, indicating that these two cytokines act by affecting distinct effector pathways. These results suggest that while IL-3 and GM-CSF can directly affect CFU-MK-derived colony formation, IL- 1 alpha and IL-6 act in concert to promote de novo elaboration of IL-3 and thereby promote CFU-MK proliferative capacity.