Interleukin-3 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors on human acute myelocytic leukemia cells and relationship to the proliferative response

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-monocyte-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulate proliferation of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in vitro, although patterns of response among clinical cases are diverse. Whether regulatory abnormalities related to growth factor responses in human AML may establish the outgrowth of the neoplasm is unclear. We determined receptor numbers and affinity for IL-3 and GM- CSF on human AML cells using human recombinant IL-3 (rIL-3) and GM-CSF (rGM-CSF). In 13 of 15 cases of primary AML high-affinity (kd 26 to 414 pmol/L) receptors for IL-3 were demonstrable on the cells. The average numbers of IL-3 receptors ranged from 21 to 145 receptors per cell. Normal WBCs showed IL-3 receptors on their surface at similar densities. IL-3 receptor positivity often correlated with GM-CSF receptor positivity of AML; GM-CSF receptors were demonstrated on the cells of 11 of 15 cases, although average numbers of GM-CSF receptors were ten times greater. The in vitro response of the cells to exogenous IL-3 or GM-CSF was examined by measuring thymidine uptake. Because IL-3 and GM-CSF were potent inducers of DNA synthesis in vitro, apparently relatively few receptors are required to permit activation of growth. These experiments did not provide evidence for overexpression or increased receptor sensitivity as an explanation for AML growth. In a minority of cases, however, the cells were unable to respond to IL-3 (four of 15 cases) or GM-CSF (four of 15 cases) despite normal receptor availability on the cell surface.