https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2868-739X
Key Points
Novel insights in NAD+ metabolism of MM overcome the therapeutic limitations of previous NAD+ depletion strategy through NAMPT inhibitors.
Dual NAMPT/NAPRT inhibition compromise oxidative homeostasis, heightening Melphalan sensitivity, suggesting a potential combination therapy.
Elevated levels of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-generating enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) are a common feature across numerous cancer types. Accordingly, we previously reported pervasive NAD+ dysregulation in Multiple Myeloma (MM) cells in association with upregulated NAMPT expression. Unfortunately, albeit being effective in preclinical models of cancer, NAMPT inhibition has proven ineffective in clinical trials due to the existence of alternative NAD+ production routes utilizing NAD+ precursors other than nicotinamide. Here, by leveraging mathematical modelling approaches integrated with transcriptome data, we defined the specific NAD+ landscape of MM cells and established that the Preiss-Handler pathway for NAD+-biosynthesis, which utilizes nicotinic acid as a precursor, supports NAD+ synthesis in MM cells via its key enzyme nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT). Accordingly, we found that NAPRT confers resistance to NAD+ -depleting agents. Transcriptomic, metabolic, and bioenergetic profiling of NAPRT knock-out (KO) MM cells showed these to have weakened endogenous antioxidant defenses, increased propensity to oxidative stress, and enhanced genomic instability. Concomitant NAMPT inhibition further compounded the effects of NAPRT KO, effectively sensitizing MM cells to the chemotherapeutic drug, melphalan; NAPRT added-back fully rescues these phenotypes. Overall, our results propose comprehensive NAD+ biosynthesis inhibition, through simultaneously targeting NAMPT and NAPRT, as a promising strategy to be tested in randomized clinical trials involving transplant-eligible MM patients, especially those with more aggressive disease.
