Yang J, Cao Y, Hong S, et al. . Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:951-9.
Human-like mouse models for testing the efficacy and safety of anti-beta2-microglobulin monoclonal antibodies to treat myeloma
 

Yi, et al., from M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, have developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against anti-β2-microglobulin (β2M) as a novel potential therapeutic for multiple myeloma (MM). Anti-β2M recruits human MHC class I to lipid rafts on the tumor cell surface, thereby triggering c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase activation and caspase-9-mediated apoptosis. In order to use preclinical models to determine potential efficacy on the one hand versus toxicity profile on the other, they utilized HLA-A2 transgenic mice (HLA-A2 transgenic NOD/SCID mice) and HLA-A2 MM cells to develop human MM mouse models in which NOD/SCID mice express functional human MHC class I and human β2M on mouse organs, as well as circulating human β2M. Then they showed that human MM cytotoxicity induced by anti-β2M mAb in this model, as well as side effect profile, was equivalent to that observed in NOD/SCID mice lacking human MHC class I on murine tissues. This study further supports the role of genetic models in drug development1 and provides the preclinical rationale for clinical trials of anti-β2M mAbs in MM. 

Incorporation of rituximab, a chimeric mAb directed against CD20, has transformed therapy and improved patient outcome in patients with B-cell malignancies including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.  In MM mAbs directed against CD19, CD20, CD38, CD40, CD56, CD138, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), either alone or coupled to toxins, have been or are under evaluation as potential novel therapeutics.2  However, evaluation of mAbs both for efficacy and toxicity profile in preclinical studies can be difficult. Factors in the bone marrow milieu, such as binding of MM cells to bone marrow, cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and T-regulatory cells may attenuate response. Moreover, although most investigators use subcutaneous xenograft models or SCID-hu models (tumor cells injected into human bone chips implanted into SCID mice)3  to assess potential utility of novel mAb therapies, the most important limitation is lack of cross-reactivity of the target antigen on human and murine MM and normal tissues. This drawback limits the ability of available models to reflect mechanisms both of tumor cytotoxity and toxicity to normal tissues, precluding the definition of a therapeutic index or window. For example, anti-CD138 immunotoxins are active against human MM cells in the presence of soluble CD138 in vitro, reflecting the shedding of soluble CD138 which occurs in patient serum, but the lack of cross-reactivity of human with murine CD138 makes it impossible to determine toxicity on normal tissues in preclinical murine models.4  As a consequence, mAbs may go forward clinically without preclinical toxicity data, often at very low doses and with gradual dose escalation studies. 

In the current study, Yi and colleagues elegantly show that treatment of human HLA-2 positive MM with anti-β2M mAb in an HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model allows for evaluation of its efficacy and toxicity in a setting reflecting the human MM patient, in whom HLA class I is expressed on normal tissues and β2M shed from MM cells is circulating in serum. As he and his coworkers have delineated mechanisms whereby anti-β2M mAb inhibits growth and survival as well as triggers apoptosis in vitro, this model is useful not only for predicting potential clinical application, but also for examining in vivo mechanisms of sensitivity versus resistance. Although, in the past, murine models have been criticized since they have not been predictive of either therapeutic efficacy or side effect profile, development of genetic models that faithfully reflect human setting, as the model of Yi, et al. does, may allow for more ready identification of those agents most likely to improve patient outcome. 

1.
Sharpless NE, DePinho RA. The mighty mouse: genetically engineered mouse models in cancer drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5:741-54.
2.
Treon SP, Raje N, Anderson KC. Immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of plasma cell malignancies. Semin Oncol. 2000;27:598-613.
3.
Tassone P, Neri P, Carrasco DR, et al. A clinically relevant SCID-hu in vivo model of human multiple myeloma. Blood. 2005;106:713-6.
4.
Ikeda H, Hideshima T, Lutz R, et al. Clin Cancer Res. [In press]

Competing Interests

Dr. Anderson indicated no relevant conflicts of interest.