AZT induces the genomewide expression and lytic cycle associated viral mRNAs (proteins) of EBV in BL cells. (A) Hierarchical cluster analysis using a real-time, quantitative RT-PCR for EBV demonstrates the temporal effects of exposure to AZT (10 μg/mL), GCV (10 μg/mL), or Bay 11-7082 (2.5 μM) in BL-8 cells, where the mRNA signals were normalized to the level in mock (medium)–treated cells (CT). mRNAs that are highly abundant are coded in shades of red, those of intermediate levels in black, and those that are below the detection limit in blue. mRNA from sodium butyrate (2.5 mM)–treated BL-8 cells (for 8 hours) was used as a positive control. (B) BL-8 cells were treated with AZT (10 μg/mL) or GCV (10 μg/mL) for the indicated times (0, 1, 8, or 16 hours) and subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR for all EBV genes. After normalization to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) levels (–), fold changes relative to untreated controls were calculated for individual mRNAs. (C) BL-8 and BL-5 cells were treated with AZT (10 μg/mL) or GCV (10 μg/mL) for the indicated times and immunoblot analysis was subsequently performed on harvested lysates to determine the expression of BMRF-1 (Ea-D). Lysate from sodium butyrate (2.5 mM)–treated cells was used as a positive control. β-actin was used as a loading control.