Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′-flanking region of CYP2C9 arranged in 9 distinct patterns: the allelic frequencies of the respective SNPs and their association with the coding region polymorphisms in white and Japanese patients.CYP2C9^*1, CYP2C9^*2, and CYP2C9^*3 represent Arg114/Ile359, Cys144/Ile359, and Arg144/Leu359 in the coding region, respectively. ^*P < .05 and †P < .01 between white and Japanese patients; ‡ indicates a subject possessing CYP2C9^*1/^*11. Del indicates deletion; Ins, insertion; HNF-1, hepatic nuclear factor-1; CAR, constitutive androstane receptor; PXR, pregnane X receptor; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; DR, direct repeat; and ND, not determined.