Osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation from UCB MSCs. Osteogenic differentiation evidenced by morphology of cells after 9 days of induction (A), formation of mineralized matrix shown by Alizarin red (B), and von Kossa staining (C) and by the expression of bone-specific genes over 3 weeks of induction (D). Osteoblastic differentiation was further confirmed by immunofluorescence staining for osteopontin after 21 days of induction (E). Chondrogenic differentiation was evidenced by safranin-O staining (F), by the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes (G), and by immunohistochemical staining for type II collagen (H). Adipocytic differentiation was evidenced by the formation of lipid vacuoles in phase-contrast photograph (I) at original magnification × 200 and by oil-red O staining (J) shown at original magnification × 100. Original magnification, × 100 (A-C, E-F, H). Scale bar in panel H indicates 100 μm.