AML-BFM 93 treatment protocol. In the AML BFM 93 study, patients were stratified according to risk groups (SR or HR) after induction therapy. At diagnosis, patients were randomly assigned between induction therapy with daunorubicin (ADE) and idarubicin (AIE). SR patients were then treated with a 6-week consolidation block followed by an intensification course. For HR patients, 2 intensification blocks were given. The first (HAM) was given either before or after the 6-week consolidation block; the second (HD-A+VP) was given as the last intensification block. Sibling SCT was advised for HR patients in first CR. R1 indicates first randomization; R2, second randomization; y, year; ADE, Ara-C (cytarabine), daunorubicin, etoposide; AIE, Ara-C, idarubicin, etoposide; HAM, high-dose Ara-C and mitoxantrone; HD-A, high-dose Ara-C; and VP, etoposide.