Schematic representation of GM-CSF signaling and vitamin C transport and functions.

GM-CSF binds to αGMR, and in concert with βGMR forms the high-affinity receptor-signaling complex (M: membrane). Vitamin C enters the cells through the glucose transporters as DHA, and is rapidly reduced to AA intracellularly. The GM-CSF–dependent signaling events modulated by vitamin C are indicated.