Decline in EBV-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ memory T cells during HIV infection. Examples of EBNA1- and BZLF1-specific T-cell responses during the course of HIV infection, measured after 12 days of specific in vitro expansion. Panel A represents a subject who progressed to an EBV-related NHL, panel B represents an individual who progressed to non–EBV-related AIDS (Candida esophagitis), and panel C represents a slow progressor (asymptomatic for more than 17 years). Values in the top left corner indicate the number of CD8⁺ T cells that grew out of 10⁶ PBMCs put into culture (after substraction of the medium background), whereas the vertical values in the right part of the plots indicate the number of specific CD4⁺ T cells. The values above the plots indicate the follow-up time in months relative to NHL or AIDS or to HIV seroconversion for the slow progressor. † indicates death; Prog, progressor; and SC, seroconversion.