Causal-effect estimates. Causal-effect estimates of FVII activity on CAD (A), IS (B), and VTE (C) using Mendelian randomization. Causal-effect estimates are shown as ORs and 95% CIs per 1 unit higher natural log-transformed FVII activity (percentage or IU/ml × 100) FVII activity. Causal estimates based on single variant (“Single” in plot title) instrumental variables (IVs) are shown, as well as causal estimates based on the combination of these variants (“Multiple” in plot title) using inverse variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis, MR-Egger, and weighted median estimation.