Standards and perspectives of therapeutic options in patients with MDS. Different therapeutic avenues in current clinical practice or ongoing clinical trials. Also shown are examples of different types of agents depending on their specific target or mode of action. NEDD is an ubiquitin-like protein. CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; DART, dual affinity retargeting protein; HDAC, histone deacetylase; NEDD8, neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8.