Commitment to glycolytic metabolism in LPS-activated DCs provides essential ATP for survival in the absence of mitochondrial respiration. (A) DCs were treated as indicated and 24 hours later cells were lysed and the relative ATP levels were measured. ATP data were normalized to ATP levels in unstimulated DCs. Data represent means ± SD of 4 independent experiments. (B) DCs were stimulated as indicated and 24 hours later, cells were cultured in medium in which glucose was replaced by galactose. After 15 minutes, cells were lysed and analyzed for ATP levels. ATP levels in DCs cultured in galactose-containing medium are shown as the percentage relative to DCs cultured in the presence of glucose. The percentage reduction in ATP levels represents ATP derived from glycolysis. Data represent means ± SD of duplicates of 1 of 2 independent experiments. (C) DCs were stimulated as in panel B for 24 hours and analyzed for cell death by 7-amino-actinomycin D staining after being cultured for an additional 24 hours in galactose- or glucose-containing medium. Data represent one of 2 independent experiments. *P < .05.