R-848 induces robust, systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines. Plasma samples were collected at after TLR-L injection as described in Figure 1A. Cytokine concentrations were measured by an automated Luminex system (IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1ra) and ELISA (IP-10 and IFN-α) at the indicated time points (baseline, 3 hours, 8 hours, and 1 and 3 days) after TLR-L injection and are represented as the concentration (in picograms) of cytokines per milliliter of plasma. Data are means ± SEM. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 by ANOVA.