Angiogenic mediators are elevated in the plasma of HJD subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed as per the manufacturer's protocol using anti VEGF-A, anti-MMP-9, anti-SDF-1 antibodies. (A) A 4-fold elevation of plasma VEGF-A was observed in HJD subjects (prospective cohort) compared with control group A (BC; P < .001) and control group B (CNTRLs; P < .01). (B) MMP-9 levels were also significantly elevated in HJD subjects (prospective cohort) compared with control group A (BC; P < .001) and control group B (CNTRLs; P < .001). (C) SDF-1 levels were also significantly elevated in HJD subjects compared with control group A (BC; P < .0001) and control group B (CNTRLs; P < .0001). (D) These subjects with elevated VEGF levels also had increased expression of VEGFR1 mRNA (VEGF/R1-JD) compared with control groups A and B grouped together (VEGF/R1-C; P < .05). Data are mean ± SEM.