Schematic diagram showing ligand-stimulated Ras activation, the Ras-MAPK pathway, and the gene mutations reported to date contributing to the neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous congenital disorders, a newly defined Cbl germ-line syndrome, and JMML. NL/MGCL, Noonan-like/multiple giant cell lesion; CFC, cardia-facio-cutaneous. (Modified from Chan et al., 2009.⁴¹  Used with permission from Elsevier.)