DM augments CXCL12-induced migration of resting human T cells. (A) Primary human T cells and Jurkat cell were labeled with calcein-AM and then treated with 1 μM DM for 2 hours, after which the cells were placed in the upper wells of transwell migration chambers. In the lower well, media alone or CXCL12 (100 ng/mL) was added and the chambers were incubated for 2 hours in a CO₂ incubator at 37°C. Triplicate well determinations were performed for each treatment group assayed. The level of fluorescence of cell migrating across the chamber was assessed using a microfluorimeter. (B) Cells were labeled with calcein-AM and treated with 9 different consecutive doses of DM including 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 10, and 20 μM for 2 hours after which the cells were washed and assessed for migratory potential in response to CXCL12 (100 ng/mL). (C) Jurkat T cells were labeled with calcein-AM and treated with 1 μM DM for different time periods including 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. In all panels, the data were presented as the average of 3 individual experiments plus or minus SE. *Value was significant at P < .05 level. Cell migration is expressed in terms of percent migration index using the formulation: Percent migration index = [(migrated cells − background)/fluorescence of total input cell] × 100. Background T-cell migration was determined using the average number of cells migrating into the lower chamber in the absence of chemokine.