TRAF3 mice develop autoimmunity. (A) Analysis of circulating autoantibodies in TRAF3 mice and wild-type littermates. Blood from TRAF3 mice (12-17 months old) and from wild-type littermates was extracted for serum collection. The presence of autoantibodies in serum was determined by ELISA (anti-dsDNA, 1:150 dilution; anti-ANA, anti-ssDNA, and anti-SSA/Ro, 1:50 dilution). Statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student t test. (B) Pathologic alterations in kidneys from TRAF3 mice. Morphologic lesions encompass both glomerular (i-xi) and tubulointerstitial (i,iii) alterations, demonstrated by H&E (i-iii), Jones silver methanamine (iv,v), and Masson trichrome (vi,vii) stains. Depositions of IgG (viii,ix) and C3 complement (x,xi) were detected by immunostaining. Bars, 50 μm.