Damping of luciferase expression from a plasmid DNA vaccine construct does not require NK cells or macrophages but does require T cells. Luciferase antigen in (A) wild-type and beige mice, (B) wild-type and macrophage-depleted mice, (C) wild-type and TCR-β/TCR-δ KO mice, and (D) wild-type and MHC class I/MHC class II KO mice. The mice were inoculated with plasmid DNA-Luc (n = 4), and luciferase expression in vivo was measured by IVIS imaging. The line graphs represent mean values; error bars represent SEM. Statistically significant differences specific at specific times were determined by the Mann-Whitney test. *Significant difference (P < .05).