E2 suppresses the antiviral response induced by NDV-B1 in DCs. (A) Measurement of cytokines in supernatants from DCs pretreated for 24 hours with E2 (10, 1, 0.1 g/mL) and infected for 9 hours with NDV-B1 (MOI 0.5) in the continued presence of E2. Data are presented as mean plus or minus SD of triplicate samples from 5 independent experiments.*P < .001 versus NDV-B1–infected DCs. (B) NDV-B1 replication after 9 hours of infection was measured in all the experimental conditions by NDVHN gene expression (qRT-PCR). Data are presented as mean plus or minus SD from 3 independent experiments. (C) ELISA of myeloid DC supernatants, directly isolated from fresh blood pretreated for 24 hours with E2 (10, 1, 0.1 μg/mL) and infected with NDV-B1 (MOI 0.5) for 9 hours in the continued presence of E2. Data are presented as mean plus or minus SD from 3 independent experiments.*P < .001 versus NDV-B1–infected myeloid DCs.