Percentage of children with iron deficiency anemia at the start and end of the malaria season by TNF single nucleotide polymorphisms. (A) Start of the malaria season. (B) End of the malaria season. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as a ferritin of less than 12 μg/L, zinc protoporphyrin more than 80 μmol/mol hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/L in children with a full dataset for ferritin, hemoglobin concentration, zinc protoporphyrin, α₁-antichymotrypsin, and malaria blood film. Too few children had the genotypes TNF₋₁₀₃₁CC (n = 9), TNF₋₂₃₈AA (n = 4), and TNF₊₈₅₁GG (n = 10) to allow for meaningful interpretation. Significance values were derived from multimarker logistic regression models including as dependent variable iron deficiency anemia at the start or end of the malaria season and adjusted for village, age (grouped by year), malaria parasite positivity, α₁-antichymotrypsin level (a marker of inflammation), hemoglobin type (HbAA, HbAS), and G6PD deficiency (A type) genotype.