Tube formation assays. (A) Tube formation assay on matrigel was studied with or without α3(IV)NC1 and with different integrins (α3β1, αVβ3, or α3β1+αVβ3), with and without α3(IV)NC1 protein. Tube formation was evaluated after 48 hours using a Leitz Fluovert microscope (100×/1.25 NA), and representative fields were shown. Images were captured using a Flex Digital IEEE-1394 camera (Sheerin Scientific) and processed using SPOT advanced imaging software version 3.1.0 (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI) and Adobe Photoshop 7.0 (Adobe, Redmond, WA). (B) Tube assay graphical representation. Average number of tubes formed (% values, with error bars indicating SEM) in 3 independent experiments is shown in the graph.