Representative recordings of whole-cell current measurements in HbS cells. (A) Oxygenated HbS cells. (B) Deoxygenated HbS cells. Measurements were made using Na⁺-containing bath and pipette solutions. Current measurements were only included for analysis in this study after they remained stable for 3 successive recordings over a 6-minute period. Averaged results are presented in panel C as means ± SEM, n = 56 (oxygenated cells; □) and n = 26 (deoxygenated cells; ▪).