Lactadherin promoted BDMV clearance through phagocytosis. (A) Plasma levels of biotinylated BDMVs infused into noninjured mice that also received lactadherin or PBS (n = 12, paired t test; *P < .01). (B) Representative images of liver sections from mice infused with (1) PBS, (2) biotinylated BDMVs, and (3) biotinylated BDMVs with lactadherin were stained with horseradish peroxidase–conjugated streptavidin (bar = 20 μm, biotinylated BDMVs are stained in brown color); (4) integrated optical densities from scans from multiple mice (n = 9, 1-way ANOVA). (C) Bright field (left) and fluorescence images (right) of CD45⁺ monocytes and MitoTracker Green⁺ mtMVs (right overlay) detected by imaging flow cytometry. (D) mtMV binding to CD45⁺ monocytes in the absence and presence of PS, CL, and phosphatidylcholine (PC; all 200 nM, n = 12, 1-way ANOVA). (E) Blocking the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-lactadherin to BDMVs by 100-fold excess of either unlabeled lactadherin or annexin V (n = 24, 1-way ANOVA).