Lactadherin reduced MPs and its deficiency increased TBI-induced BDMV release and coagulopathy. (A) A schematic illustration of lactadherin-mediated MV clearance. (B) Levels of circulating NSE⁺ (scale on the left) and mtMVs (MitoTracker Green⁺, scale on the right) measured 3 hours after injury of sham mice and FPI mice preconditioned with PBS or lactadherin (n = 15, 1-way ANOVA). (C) Levels of circulating NSE⁺ MVs (scale on the left) and mtMVs (scale on the right) in noninjured mice infused with 1.5 × 10⁷/mouse of BDMVs followed by lactadherin or PBS (n = 12, 1-way ANOVA). Plasma samples from lactadherin^−/− mice and their wild-type littermates were examined for dynamic changes in plasma levels of (D) NSE⁺ MVs, (E) annexin V-binding MVs, (F) clotting time, and (G) plasma levels of d-dimer (n = 24, repeated-measures ANOVA; *P < .001).