Flow cytometric analysis of human dendritic cells cultured from CD14⁺ leukocytes. (A) Status of 12 markers on dendritic cells after incubation with GM-CSF and IL-4; these cells were subsequently used for gene transfer. Cells in the dot plot (upper row left) were gated for homogeneity of size (forward scatter) and shape (side scatter). (B) Status of HLA-DR, CD83, CD1a, CD54, CD11c, and CD86 after ex vivo maturation with TNF-α (shaded) shown together with the status before maturation.