Admixture tonicity affects adhesion of sickle red cells to human laminin under post-capillary venular shear stress. (A) Brightfield microscopy images showing that sRBCs adhered to laminin become less adherent when exposed to hypotonic fluids at postcapillary shear stress. (Long arrow) sRBC exposed to isotonic fluid remaining adhered after flow. (Short arrow) sRBC exposed to hypotonic fluid becoming nonadherent and moving (arrowhead)). (B) sRBCs adhered to laminin-coated slides became less adherent after exposure to hypotonic fluids at postcapillary venule shear stress compared with admixtures containing higher sodium levels. (Bars and lines represent mean percentages ± standard error of the mean from N = 3 patients.)