Kaplan-Meier survival curves of relapsed and refractory FLT3-ITD AML patients. (A) Patients relapsing after a first remission duration of 1 to 6 months. These 48 patients were enrolled in the control arm of the Cephalon 204 trial²⁸  and were treated with MEC, without any FLT3 inhibitor. (B) 25 patients presenting consecutively over a 4-year period to Johns Hopkins who relapsed after a first remission duration of <6 months, or who were refractory to initial induction therapy. They were all treated with intensive, cytarabine-based chemotherapy, but did not receive any FLT3 inhibitors because none were available at the time. All patients in both data sets harbored FLT3-ITD mutations only (no TKD mutations) and the majority were diagnosed between 2005 and 2009.