DMF inhibits NF-κB activity in CTCL cells. (A) Specific luminescence of the NF-κB luciferase assay in J16 and HH cells 24 hours after transfection without treatment (n = 3, each). (B) Specific luminescence of the NF-κB luciferase assay in J16 and HH cells 24 hours after transfection with and without treatment with 50 µM DMF for 24 hours. The specific NF-κB activity of untreated J16 cells was normalized to 1 and all other activities were normalized to that value (n = 3 each). (C) Relative IκBα expression measured by qRT-PCR in SeAx (upper) and HH (lower) cells 1 to 3 hours after treatment with 50 µM of either DMF or MMF, normalized to GAPDH (n = 3 each). (D) TNF-α concentration in supernatants of HH cells either untreated or treated with 50 µM DMF for 12 hours (n = 3 each). (E) Normalized nuclear p65 activity measured by binding ELISA in HH and SeAx cells upon treatment with different concentrations of DMF and MMF for 1 hour (upper) and 16 hours (lower), (n = 3 each). DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide. (F) Relative changes in expression levels of NF-κB target genes measured by qRT-PCR array after 3 hours of treatment with DMF and MMF (30 µM each). The quantitative values are (expression [DMF treatment])/(expression(MMF treatment)). (n = 3, each) *P < .05.