Increased IL-1 signaling in CML LSC. CML and normal CD34⁺CD38⁻CD90⁺ stem cells were exposed to IL-1α (10 ng/mL) for 16 hours and expression of p-NF-κB (p65) (A), p-p38 MAPK (B), and p-JNK (C) was measured by flow cytometry. Expression of p-NF-κB (p65) (D), p-p38 MAPK (E), and p-JNK (F) in CML HSC (n = 4) exposed to human CML and normal CM for 16 hours. p-NF-κB (p65) (G), p-p38 MAPK (H), and p-JNK (I) expression in normal HSC (n = 3) exposed to CML and normal CM. Results represent mean ± SEM. Significance values: *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001, 2-way ANOVA, unpaired Student t test.