Algorithm for patients with early relapsed/refractory AML. When diagnosing primary refractory AML/early relapse patients need to be evaluated for allogeneic HSCT and/or a suitable trial. DLI, donor lymphocyte infusion; HCT-CI, Hematopoietic Cell Transplant–Comorbidity Index; LDAC, low-dose cytarabine; MEC, mitoxantrone, etoposide, cytarabine. #, § indicate that clinical trials should consider the patient’s performance status; that is, fit patients should receive more intense study medications (in most cases including chemotherapy) compared with unfit patients.