EC-EVs suppress the induction of NF-κB and repress the expression of IRF5. (A) EC-EV–treated THP-1 monocytic cells have reduced basal and LPS-stimulated NF-κB reporter activity. n = 4. (B) THP-1 cells pretreated with the NF-κB inhibitor, TPCA-1 (10 μM), have reduced induction of proinflammatory genes in response to LPS stimulation. n = 4. (C) EC-EV–treated THP-1 cells or primary monocytes have reduced levels of IRF5 mRNA as assessed by qRT-PCR. n = 5. Peritoneal leukocytes isolated from EC-EV–injected mice have reduced levels of Irf5 mRNA compared with PBS-injected controls. n = 7. (D) Western blot of IRF5 in EC-EV–treated THP-1 cells. Densitometry is indicated above. Shown is a representative result of 4 independent experiments. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.