Cytarabine pretreatment does not suppress vaccine-induced immune responses. Mice were challenged with C1498 cells, and 24 hours later, three 3-mg doses of cytarabine were administered intraperitoneally 10 hours apart. On day 23, 1 group of chemotherapy-treated mice was vaccinated with leukemia/α-GalCer, and responses were analyzed 1 week later. The percentage of CD4⁺FoxP3⁺ cells of CD3⁺ in (A) the spleen and (B) the liver. The percentage of CD11b⁺Ly6G⁺ of CD3^– in the (C) spleen and (D) liver. The ratio of CD44^hi CD8⁺ effector T cells to CD4⁺FoxP3⁺ Tregs and ratio of CD44^hi CD4⁺ effector (eff) T cells to CD4⁺FoxP3⁺ Tregs in (E,G) the spleen and (F,H) the liver, respectively. (I) The percentage of CD3⁺ T cells in the BM. The percentage of (J) PD-1⁺CD8⁺ and (K) PD-1⁺CD4⁺ T cells in the BM. Graphs represent 1 experiment, with 5 to 6 mice per group. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001; ****P < .0001 (1-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni posttest).