Lipocalin-2 induces oxidative DNA damage by elevating intracellular iron levels. (A) Intracellular levels of ROS in 32D cells were measured by H2DCFDA dye assay following their incubation with or without 100 ng/mL recombinant lipocalin-2 for 24 hours. Average mean FITC fluorescence intensity is shown (n = 3 each). (B) Intracellular iron levels of 32D cells with or without treatment with 100 ng/mL lipocalin-2 with or without 1 mM FeSO4. The total cellular iron content was measured by the ferrozine method and normalized for protein content. (C) 32D cells were treated with 100 ng/mL lipocalin-2 and/or 2 μM deferoxamine (DFO). Intracellular ROS levels were measured by H2DCFDA dye assay 24 hours after incubation (n = 4 each). Error bars indicate SD.
