Induction of inflammatory cytokines in infected IBMI-huNOG mice. Human cytokine concentrations in plasma. Plasma was collected following sacrifice of mock-infected (n = 4) and HTLV-1–infected mice (n = 8). Seventeen cytokines were quantified using a cytokine bead array system. The concentrations of human IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFNγ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and CCL4/MIP-1β are shown, all of which were significantly increased in the plasma of HTLV-1–infected mice. Increased expressions of the other 6 cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-17, G-CSF, and MCP-1) were also observed in infected mice but not statistically significant. On the other hand, little decrease in the concentrations of IL-1 and IL-5 was seen. Asterisks in each panel represent significant differences vs mock-infected mice (*P < .05, **P < .01 by Mann-Whitney U test).