PAR2 modulates TLR signaling in human epithelial cell lines. PAR2 positively regulated TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 activation of NF-κB and IL-8 expression but negatively regulated TLR3 activation of IRF3 and IFN-β expression. The TLR-specific ligands are shown together with PAR2 agonist peptide (AP), which was used to activate PAR2.