Potential therapeutic targets in MPN. There are many potential targets to study alone or in combination with JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib. These include in the extracellular domain angiogenesis or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase like; as well as cellular factors such as inhibitors specific for JAK2, V617F, JAK1, Hedgehog or smoothened (Smo) pathway, Pi3K/Akt/mTOR, HSP90, and calreticulin (CALR), in addition to drugs affecting histone acetylation, methylation of chromatin and the telomerase enzyme.