Treatment schedule of AML-BFM 2004 induction. First induction, AIE (cytarabine/idarubicin/etoposide) or randomized (R1) with ADxE (cytarabine/L-DNR/etoposide); second induction, (high-dose cytarabine [3g/m²]/mitoxantrone) (HAM); consolidation, HAM or randomized (R2) AI/2-CDA (cytarabine [0.5 g/m²]/idarubicin/2-chloro-2-deoxyadenosine) vs AI (cytarabine [0.5 g/m²]/idarubicin); intensification: HAE (high-dose cytarabine [3 g/m²]/etoposide), CNS-RT (central nervous system [cranial] irradiation randomized [R3] to 12 or 18 Gy). APL patients received additional all-trans-retinoic acid during all therapy courses. The cumulative anthracycline dosages in SR and HR patients were, with AIE induction, 350 and 450 mg/m², respectively; with ADxE, 410 and 510 mg/m². IT, intrathecal.