MAIT cells are functionally impaired in chronically HIV-infected patients. (A) The gating strategy for fixed Escherichia coli–activated MAIT cells in blood from HIV-1–uninfected and HIV-infected individuals. Gray dots represent unstimulated controls from the same donors. CD69, IFNγ, TNF, and IL-17 expression were determined in 10 uninfected and untreated HIV-infected individuals after an overnight stimulation with fixed E coli (B) and a 6 hour PMA/ionomycin stimulation (C). MAIT-cell activation and cytokine production from these HIV-infected patients were then assessed using an overnight bacterial stimulation after commencing cART (D). Box and whisker plots show median, IQR, and the 10th to 90th percentile. Tx indicates therapy.