Berbamine induces apoptotic and autophagic death of leukemia cells. (A) Effect of berbamine on the viability of CML cells in the presence of various cell death inhibitors. CML cells were treated with BBM at 4 μg/mL in the presence of z-VAD (50μM), Nec-1 (25μM), or IM-54 (5μM) for 24 hours, and then collected for analysis of cell viability using FCM (*P < .01). (B-C) Berbamine treatment induced cleaved PARP, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-9, and LC3-II levels of CML cells in dose-dependent manners. CML cells were treated with BBM at the indicated concentrations for 48 hours, followed by Western blot analysis for PARP, caspase-3, caspase-9, and LC3-II. β-actin was used as a loading control.