Self-DNA-LL37 complexes induce type I IFNs in human monocytes. (A) IFN-α produced by various human blood-derived immune cells (pDCs, monocytes, myeloid DCs, T cells, B cells, and NK cells), and structural nonhematopoietic cells (fibroblasts, keratinocytes) after overnight stimulation with self-DNA-LL37 complexes (105 cells/condition). Each symbol represents an independent experiment, and horizontal bars represent the mean.*P < .0001 (unpaired Student t test). (B) Fold induction of Ifna2 and Ifnb mRNA at different time points (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours) after stimulation of human monocytes and pDCs with self-DNA-LL37 complexes. Representative results are shown from 1 of 3 independent experiments. Gene expression data are normalized to human GAPDH gene. (C) IFN-α produced by monocytes and pDCs after stimulation with increasing concentrations of huDNA either alone or premixed with LL37 (105 cells/condition). Data are representative of at least 5 experiments; error bars represent the SD of triplicate wells.
