Increased autoimmunity in Wiskott-Aldrich–deficient (WKO) and B/WcKO mice compared to mice with WASP- and N-WASP–deficient B-lymphocytes (B/DcKO). (A) Protein array detection of a range of IgG autoantibodies in B/WcKO (column 4) and B/DcKO (column 5) mice, demonstrated by net fluorescence intensity ratios between each mouse (range from 0 [negative; blue] to 1 [black] to 5 [positive; yellow]). A systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) control model (column 1) and B/WcKO mice demonstrate numerous positive autoantibodies compared with B/DcKO mice. (B) Histologic examination of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded kidney sections from WKO and B/WcKO mice demonstrating severe hypercellularity and capillary wall thickening, not seen in wild-type (WT) and B/DcKO mice. (C) Blind scoring of glomerular damage (range from 0 = no glomerular pathology to 3 = severe glomerular pathology) confirming significant renal damage in WKO and B/WcKO mice, compared with WT and B/DcKO mice. Statistical significance assessed by Mann-Whitney test (*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001). See Figure 2B-D in the article by Volpi et al that begins on page 216.