NF-κB activation via TNF-α treatment as measured by nuclear translocation of major NF-κB subunit RelA. (A) Histograms of IR values (x-axis) for no treatment control (red) versus TNF-α treatment for 20 minutes at varying concentrations (blue), where y-axis is relative frequency (R.F.). (B) Dose-response curve of population mean IR, normalized to the population mean IR of the no treatment control (“IR Fold Increase” in graph). EC₅₀ ∼ 0.53 ng/mL TNF-α (n = 3; independent averages of triplicates). Error bars represent SE.