NLRP3 is required for IL-1β expression in MPs from LPS-treated THP-1 cells. (A) NLRP3 protein was detected by Western blot in untreated stable THP-1 cells containing shNLRP3 or empty vector. (B) IL-1β was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in MPs from LPS-treated shNLRP3 or empty vector THP-1 cells. (C) HUVECs were treated for 3 or 4 hours with 50 μg/mL of MPs from LPS-treated shNLRP3 or empty vector THP-1 cells or 10 ng/mL of TNF-α for 4 hours. VCAM-1 was detected by Western blot, and the relative level of VCAM-1 expression was shown by densitometry. GAPDH served as a loading control. Data are mean ± SD; n = 4. *P < .01 (2-way ANOVA post-test analysis).