Effect of antagonizing IL-1 or TNFα on proinflammatory cytokine production in whole blood cultures. Fifty percent v/v whole blood of 6 donors was cultured for 4 days. IL-1RA, IL-1βmAb, or TNFαmAb was added, and the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (A), TNFα (B), and IL-6 (C) was measured. Data are shown as individual (dots) and median (dash) values. Control culture conditions without blood and additives is shown as well. #P < .05 compared with control; *P < .05 compared with blood without additions.