Analysis of serum cytokine levels as a function of Rai stage, IGHV mutation status, CD38 expression, OS, and TTFT. Cytokines for which serum levels are significantly different when patient cohorts are divided by Rai stage (A), M-CLL (good prognosis) and U-CLL (poor prognosis) compared with healthy subjects (B), or CD38^HIGH (poor prognosis) and CD38^LOW (good prognosis) compared with healthy subjects (C). Data are presented as box plots (see legend to Figure 1 for details; *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001). A result was considered significantly different if P < .05 (A) or P < .017 (B-C) to account for multiple comparisons. (D) Kaplan-Meier analysis of the levels of CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL19, and IL-1β versus survival. CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL19 independently correlated with shorter survival: CXCL10 (16.3 years vs not reached; P = .012; HR = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-7.6), CXCL11 (15.3 years vs not reached; P = .013; HR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.7), and CCL19 (16.3 years vs not reached; P = .042; HR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0-5.7). IL-1β independently correlated with longer survival (not reached vs 15.3 years; P = .022; HR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). (E) Kaplan-Meier analysis of the levels of CCL3, CCL4, IL-10, and IL-12 versus TTFT. CCL3, CCL4, IL-10 and IL-12 independently correlated with shorter TTFT: CCL3 (7.6 years vs not reached; P = .031; HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8), CCL4 (5.4 vs 20.9 years; P = .001; HR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6-6.0), IL-10 (7.6 years vs not reached; P = .030; HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8), and IL-12 (6.8 vs 20.9 years; P = .019; HR = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.1). Sera were collected and analyzed as described in “Patients and blood collection and processing” and “Multiplex cytokine analysis.”