CD40-activated β cells induce T-cell migration. (A) Migration of T cells induced by supernatant from CD40-B cell cultures. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were migrated for 2 hours through a 5-μm filter into the lower chamber of transwell plates containing supernatant from immature and mature monocyte-derived DCs and CD40-B cells as well as chemokines SDF-1α and SLC. Mean values of migration above background (cells spontaneously migrating to normal culture medium) in at least 7 independent experiments are shown. (B) Migration of T-cell subpopulations to supernatants from APC cultures. CD4⁺ were migrated for 2 hours through a 5-μm filter into the lower chamber of transwell plates containing SLC, SDF-1α, and supernatants from CD40-B, immature, and mature monocyte-derived DCs. T-cell subpopulations before and after migration are shown. From bottom to top: T naive (▪), T effector memory (▨), T central memory (), and T effector memory RA⁺ (□). Mean values of 3 independent experiments are shown.